“Social Sustainability for First Responders: A next-pandemic necessity.” Reh School of Business Entrepreneurship, Global Supply Chain Management, and Sustainable Development Research Grant. The David D. Reh School of Business, Clarkson University.

Project Summary: Our first responders - disaster workers, paramedics, medical personnel, firefighters, and military personnel – are a critical resource during a pandemic, as seen in the COVID-19 crisis. Impacts from the COVID-19 Pandemic have caused first responders to experience increased stress, burnout, and poor mental health. The Job Demands-Resources (JD-R) model is applied herein to the concept of burnout in the context of a pandemic. A grounded theory approach was adopted to examine mental health programs in six countries, the United States (US), Australia, Canada, Korea, Switzerland and the United Kingdom (UK), using the constant comparison technique. Our findings identified significant weaknesses in pre-existing mental health programs including issues with online programs, a lack of international cooperation, lack of general awareness, insufficient follow-up programs, and inability to encourage first responders to seek mental healthcare treatment. To create more robust mental health programs to mitigate the impacts of pandemics like COVID-19, we propose best practices for mental health programs including a focus on resilience, eliminating stigma, psychosocial support, psychoeducation, telemedicine programs, better follow-up practices, training for pandemic-specific procedures, encourage support from supervisor and first responder social circles, workplace screening and monitoring, long term mental health services.

Lin, Z., Cao, S., He, J. and Ren, X. (2023).

“Venture Labor: A Nonfinancial Signal for Start-up Success.” Reh School of Business Entrepreneurship, Global Supply Chain Management, and Sustainable Development Research Grant. The David D. Reh School of Business, Clarkson University.

Project Summary: We examine an emerging phenomenon that talented employees leave successful entrepreneurial firms to join less mature start-ups. Using proprietary person-level data and private firm data, we find that the presence of these “serial venture employees” positively predicts their new employers’ future success in terms of exit likelihoods, size growth, venture capital financing, and innovation productivity. Such predictive power is more likely driven by a screening/matching channel rather than venture labor’s nurturing role. Our paper sheds light on an underexplored pattern of inter-firm labor flow, which provides a nonfinancial yet value-relevant signal about private firms for investors and stakeholders.

Stephenson, A. and Rathert, C. (2023).

“Do Patient-Provider Therapeutic Connections Vary by Race? A Descriptive Comparison of White, Black, and Hispanic/Latino Patient Experiences.” Reh School of Business Entrepreneurship, Global Supply Chain Management, and Sustainable Development Research Grant. The David D. Reh School of Business, Clarkson University.

Project Summary: The existence of health disparities based on racial identity is well-established (Chandra & Schulman, 2022; Institute of Medicine (IOM), 2003). Recently, however, a focus on therapeutic connections (TC) has been revealed as a potential powerful influencing factor within the patient-provider relationship (National Academy of Sciences, Engineering, & Medicine [NASEM], 2019). The purpose of our study was to explore differences in patients’ expectations and experiences of patient-provider TCs across three different racial/ethnic group categories: non-Hispanic Black, non-Hispanic White, and Hispanic or Latino of any race. To achieve appropriate representation for each of the three racial/ethnic groups, we used an oversampling technique and gathered data on idealized TC expectation and realized TC experience variables, along with health self-efficacy (SE), and satisfaction with the provider. Our early results suggest that idealized expectations did not differ by racial/ethnic category; stated differently, there was no difference across groups in their perceived ideal encounter with a provider. However, patients who identified primarily as Hispanic/Latino reported significantly lower quality experiences on several important TC measures, and reported better experiences when they had racial concordance with the provider. We also found differences in chronic versus non-chronic patients by race/ethnicity. Chronic patients who identified as Black or Hispanic appeared to have had less than ideal TCs than their White counterparts. Additionally, for chronic patients, there was a significant difference in health SE between racial/ethnic groups. White patients had significantly lower health SE than both Black and Hispanic respondents. This finding is consistent with recent studies that showed how communities of color have learned to prepare for healthcare encounters to thwart potential biases held by the provider (Sacks, 2019). Our findings can be used to develop meaningful improvements in the patient-provider therapeutic connection, particularly for people who identify as racial minority group members, which can further contribute to the elimination of disparities and improvement of patient outcomes.

Tanksale, A. and Mahapatra, S. (2023).

“Designing a Supply Chain Network for Hyper-Local Instant Grocery Delivery.” Reh School of Business Entrepreneurship, Global Supply Chain Management, and Sustainable Development Research Grant. The David D. Reh School of Business, Clarkson University.

Project Summary: COVID-19 has caused the largest shift in human behavior ever and posed distinct challenges to businesses. Instant, door-delivery retailing that spurred during the pandemic through hyper-local, dark stores has been continuing to expand. A dark store is a micro-fulfillment center that is repurposed to fulfill only direct-to-customer online orders and strategically sited to meet the rapid delivery target by carrying inventory closer to customer locations. Due to the emphasis on delivering products ‘fast and fresh’ through dark stores, a strategic shift from efficiency to responsiveness is apparent in the case of hyper-local grocery retail setting. However, the transition from conventional grocery business to instant delivery is not straightforward and the later business model has its challenges in terms of investments, uncertainty of operations, resource planning and overall profitability. The “fast and fresh” or “hyper local” grocery retails in the US is in fact consolidating after the bankruptcy of companies such as Fridge No More, and Buyk in 2022. This study investigates the challenges and opportunities in the instant, hyper-local grocery retail model. The research addresses the relevant strategic, tactical, and operational decision-making issues for the hyper-local instant retail business through mathematical modelling.

A photo of Wentao Wu smiling in front of a clarkson background.

Wu, W. (2023).

“How Divergence of Opinions Matters: Evidence from Lockup Effects in VC-backed IPOs” Reh School of Business Entrepreneurship, Global Supply Chain Management, and Sustainable Development Research Grant. The David D. Reh School of Business, Clarkson University.

Project Summary: The project, centered on entrepreneurship finance, delves into the application of Miller's theory in the context of IPO lockups. It emphasizes the distinctive characteristics of new IPO firms and the amplified short-sale restrictions resulting from locked-up shares. The study reveals that heightened divergence in investor opinions correlates with more pronounced negative abnormal returns during lockup expirations for venture capital (VC)-backed IPOs. This insight is substantiated by indicators such as the count of VC investors and analyst forecast dispersion. The investigation highlights that these lockup effects are particularly notable in VC-backed IPOs, leading to significant negative market-adjusted returns post-lockup. The research estimates that VC funds distribute a substantial proportion of their pre-IPO ownership shortly after lockup expiration. Moreover, the study examines institutional investor behavior, observing increased ownership from both transient and long-term investors following lockup expirations. By shedding light on stock valuation dynamics during IPO lockups, especially in the context of VC-backed IPOs, and by leveraging comprehensive VC ownership data to scrutinize VC distribution post-lockup, the project contributes to the understanding of entrepreneurship finance in the IPO market.

Yu, D. (2023).

“Transportation Cost and Carbon Emissions Minimization for the Time Dependent Vehicle Routing Problem with Drones.” Reh School of Business Entrepreneurship, Global Supply Chain Management, and Sustainable Development Research Grant. The David D. Reh School of Business, Clarkson University.

Project Summary: This research project addresses an innovative application of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) technology in assisting last-mile delivery. By merging the capabilities of delivery trucks and drones, we create a collaborative system where trucks act as delivery vehicles and launching platforms for drones. These drones are deployed to complete deliveries efficiently and seamlessly retrieved by trucks at predetermined rendezvous locations. Our study explicitly targets the collaborative package delivery approach between trucks and drones within urban environments to minimize transportation costs while also curbing truck carbon emissions. To navigate the intricacies of this challenge, we develop a mixed-integer programming model for the time dependent vehicle routing problem with drones (TDVRP-D). To solve this complex problem efficiently, we propose a highly effective metaheuristic algorithm based on the variable neighborhood search technique. Through extensive experimental studies and rigorous comparisons with existing methods, we demonstrate the superiority of our proposed algorithm in terms of solution quality and computational efficiency, particularly for large-scale instances.

Referred Journal Articles

Belasen, A.R., Belasen, A. and Bass, M. (2023).

“Tracking the Uneven Outcomes of COVID-19 on Racial and Ethnic Groups Implications for Health Policy.” Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities, 1-9.

Abstract: The socioeconomic shocks of the first COVID-19 pandemic wave disproportionately affected vulnerable groups. But did that trend continue to hold during the Delta and Omicron waves? Leveraging data from the Johns Hopkins Coronavirus Resource Center, this paper examines whether demographic inequalities persisted across the waves of COVID-19 infections. The current study utilizes fixed effects regressions to isolate the marginal relationships between socioeconomic factors with case counts and death counts. Factors include levels of urbanization, age, gender, racial distribution, educational attainment, and household income, along with time- and state-specific COVID-19 restrictions and other time invariant controls captured via fixed effects controls. County-level health outcomes in large metropolitan areas show that despite higher incidence rates in suburban and exurban counties, urban counties still had disproportionately poor outcomes in the latter COVID-19 waves. Policy makers should consider health disparities when developing long-term public health regulatory policies to help shield low-income households from the adverse effects of COVID-19 and future pandemics.

A photo of Zhilan Feng smiling in front of a Clarkson background.

Belasen, A., Belasen, A. and Feng, Z. (2023).

“The physician CEO advantage and hospital performance during the COVID-19 pandemic: capacity utilization and patient satisfaction.” Journal of Health Organization and Management, 37(3), pp.313-326.

Purpose: Prior studies have shown that physician-led hospitals have several advantages over non-physician-led hospitals. This study seeks to test whether these advantages also extend to periods of extreme disruptions such as the COVID-19 pandemic, which affect bed availability and hospital utilization.

Design/methodology/approach: The authors utilize a bounded Tobit estimation to identify differences in patient satisfaction rates and in-hospital utilization rates of top-rated hospitals in the United States.

Findings: Among top-rated US hospitals, those that are physician-led achieve higher patient satisfaction ratings and are more likely to have higher utilization rates.

Research limitations/implications: While the COVID-19 pandemic generated greater demand for inpatient beds, physician-led hospitals improved their hospitals’ capacity utilization as compared with those led by non-physician leaders. A longitudinal study to show the change over the years and whether physician Chief Executive Officers (CEOs) are more likely to improve their hospitals’ ratings than non-physician CEOs is highly recommended.

Practical implications: Recruiting and retaining physicians to lead hospitals, especially during disruptions, improve hospital’s operating efficiency and enhance patient satisfaction.

Originality/value: The paper reviews prior research on physician leadership and adds further insights into the crisis leadership literature. The authors provide evidence based on quantitative data analysis that during the COVID-19 pandemic, physician-led top-rated US hospitals experienced an improvement in operating efficiency.

Brown, A.B., Byard, D., Darrough, M.N. and Suh, J. (2023).

“The Impact of M&A Delistings on the Information Environment for Industry Peer Firms.” The Accounting Review, forthcoming.

Abstract: This study documents that M&A delistings are associated with a deterioration in the quality of analysts’ information environment for industry peer firms, measured by an increase in analysts’ absolute forecast errors and dispersion. This effect persists for six quarters and is larger when the delisting target firm contributes relatively more to the industry information environment. Further, we find that, among analysts forecasting earnings for an industry peer firm, those who also followed the delisted target firm in the pre-M&A period experience a larger increase in their absolute forecast errors. A comparison based on public versus private target firms also suggests that the loss of target firms’ public disclosures plays a role in the deterioration in the quality of analysts’ information environment. In additional analyses, we find evidence consistent with this effect resulting from a deterioration in analysts’ ability to exploit across-firm information complementarities.

Lin, G., Brown, A.B., Lin, E. and Xu, C., 2023.

“Unionization and employee welfare: a theoretical investigation using earnings management”. Asian Review of Accounting, 31(2), pp.276-283.

Abstract: Unionization is generally thought to improve employee welfare through higher compensation and benefits. However, managers of unionized firms have incentives to manage earnings downward to avoid sharing rents with unionized workers, which may explain why empirical findings on the association between unionization and employee compensation are mixed. This paper develops an analytical model incorporating earnings management into the relationship between newly unionized firms and employee compensation. First, our model finds that newly unionized firms are more likely to engage in income-decreasing earnings management to avoid paying higher salaries and wages to workers. Second, we find that this association is more pronounced when (1) the correlation of firms’ earnings across periods is higher, (2) the cost of earnings management is lower, and (3) firms’ earnings are more volatile. Last, employee wages and benefits increase after unionization. Our paper shows that unionization results in improved worker welfare, but the effect is somewhat attenuated by downward earnings management. Our model has potential policy implications, and offers some new testable predictions for future empirical research.

Alshamsan, A.R. and Chaudhry, S.A. (2023).

“A GDPR Compliant Approach to Assign Risk Levels to Privacy Policies.” Computers, Materials & Continua, 74(3).

Abstract: Data privacy laws require service providers to inform their customers on how user data is gathered, used, protected, and shared. The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) is a legal framework that provides guidelines for collecting and processing personal information from individuals. Service providers use privacy policies to outline the ways an organization captures, retains, analyzes, and shares customers’ data with other parties. These policies are complex and written using legal jargon; therefore, users rarely read them before accepting them. There exist a number of approaches to automating the task of summarizing privacy policies and assigning risk levels. Most of the existing approaches are not GDPR compliant and use manual annotation/labeling of the privacy text to assign risk level, which is time-consuming and costly. We present a framework that helps users see not only data practice policy compliance with GDPR but also the risk levels to privacy associated with accepting that policy. The main contribution of our approach is eliminating the overhead cost of manual annotation by using the most frequent words in each category to create word-bags, which are used with Regular Expressions and Pointwise Mutual Information scores to assign risk levels that comply with the GDPR guidelines for data protection. We have also developed a web-based application to graphically display risk level reports for any given online privacy policy. Results show that our approach is not only consistent with GDPR but performs better than existing approaches by successfully assigning risk levels with 95.1% accuracy after assigning data practice categories with an accuracy rate of 79%.

Felzensztein, C. and Tretiakov, A. (2023).

“Technology adaptation: micro new ventures in a COVID-19 lockdown.” International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 29(4), pp.1007-1026.

Purpose: There is a paucity of evidence on how small new ventures cope with shifts from physical space to cyberspace imposed by external crises, such as pandemics. Further, even though the concept of space is highly relevant to understanding entrepreneurship, the concept has been underutilised in entrepreneurship research. In particular, the potential of understanding entrepreneurship in terms of the interplay between physical space and cyberspace is yet to be explored. The authors address these research gaps by pursuing the following research question: How did micro new ventures experience the shift from physical space to cyberspace (technology adaptation) imposed by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) crisis?

Design/methodology/approach: Data were collected via semi-structured interviews with founders of start-ups associated with two incubators, in Spain and Monaco. Thematic analysis of interview transcripts was conducted, approaching the data with the focus on firm positioning in “real” space and in cyberspace and on possible transformations of business models.

Findings: The pandemic opened new opportunities for small new ventures, as many start-ups were successful in shifting into cyberspace by undergoing a radical digital transformation and ended up with more scalable business models and in many cases transformed themselves into micro-multinationals.

Research limitations/implications: Overall, firms tended to shift from physical space to cyberspace, following the firms' customers to cyberspace, finding new and more international, customers in cyberspace or guiding the firms' existing customer base into cyberspace. Firms that maintained the pre-pandemic position were either already fully digital or had sufficient resources to hold position in the anticipation of the post-pandemic future.

Originality/value: The authors introduce the concept of cyberspace in the context of entrepreneurship studies and explore the trajectories of firms in a crisis.

Liu, C., Ryan, D., Lin, G. and Xu, C. (2023).

“No rose without a thorn: Corporate teamwork culture and financial statement misconduct.” Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance, 37, p.100786.

Abstract: This study investigates the dark side of corporate teamwork culture on firms’ financial reporting behaviors. We used a novel corporate culture measurement developed by machine learning approach (Li et al., 2021), and calculated Benford Score (Amiram et al., 2015) as the proxy for financial misconduct in firms’ annual financial statements from 2003 to 2021. We find a positive association between a company’s emphasis on teamwork culture and financial statement misconduct; this association is more pronounced when a firm reports no internal control weakness. Additional analyses show that firms with stronger teamwork cultures are more likely to engage in financial statement misconduct when they use a Big 4 accounting firm as an auditor, or they are smaller in size. This research contributes to the collusive fraud literature by identifying a mechanism by which accounting personnel might be complicit and/or participate in financial statement misconduct or fraud. Our findings may be of interest to those tasked with corporate governance in identifying and preventing financial statement fraud

Atems, B. and Mette, J. (2023).

“The impact of biomass consumption on US food prices.” Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, pp.1-18.

Abstract: The Energy Policy Act of 2005 increased the amount of biofuels that must be mixed with commercial gasoline sold in the US to 7.5 billion gallons by 2012. The Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 further increased this requirement to 36 billion gallons by 2022. These large increases in the production and consumption of biofuels may compel farmers to divert significant quantities of land away from food and feed crops, which, in turn, may lead to a rise in crop prices, feed prices, and hence, overall food prices. Employing structural vector autoregression (SVAR) models and monthly US data for the period 1974:01 to 2019:12, this paper examines the impact of biomass consumption on food prices. We find that since the passing of these two acts, surges in biomass consumption are associated with food price increases in several categories, namely, fruits, beverages, food away from home as well as meat and poultry.

Raouf, B. and Mousavian, S. (2023). “A Robust Controller Design based on Kharitonov’s Theorem for Frequency Control in an Interconnected Power System.” European Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 7(1), pp.1-9.

Abstract: The load frequency control of power systems is often carried out using methods that are dependent on the system load and parameters. Therefore, the controller design is not robust in unforeseen cases such as an attack on the power system, variations in system parameters, or changes in load. In such methods, there is a need for an attack detection tool, and moreover, the controller parameters need to be adjusted as the load and power system parameters change. In this paper, Kharitonov's theorem was applied to design a robust decentralized load frequency control for a two-area power system in the presence of electric vehicle fleets as a power source that were targeted by a cyberattack. Furthermore, the robustness of the system against system nonlinearities was demonstrated by testing the efficacy of the controller on both linear and nonlinear systems. The controller design was robust such that there was no need to change the gains of the controller even during an attack. This was compared with the performance of controllers designed using GWO algorithm and fuzzy logic that needed returning for different case studies with different variations in system parameters, load, or inclusion of a cyberattack to the electric vehicle fleets.

Diehl, A., Dzubinski, L.M. and Stephenson, A.L. (2023). “Women in leadership face ageism at every age”. Harvard Business Review. Published June, 16.

Abstract: Originally, ageism was understood to be prejudice, stereotypes, and discriminatory behavior targeted at older employees. But with an increasingly diverse and multigenerational workforce, age bias now occurs across the career life cycle — especially for women. “Youngism” refers to ageism toward younger adults, fueled by the conflation of age with maturity and the misperception that tenure is required for competency. Even middle-aged women are feeling the effects of age bias.
Age diversity in the workplace yields better organizational performance while perceived age discrimination creates lower job satisfaction and engagement. The good news is that there are practical steps for leaders to combat this never-right gendered age bias. First, recognize ageism in your organization; you can’t fix a problem that isn’t there. Next, with your employees, address “lookism,” and focus on skills, no matter who has them. Finally, cultivate creative collaborations to encourage learning across age groups.

Stephenson, A.L., Sullivan, E., Lai, A., Thomas, S., McAlearney, A., DePuccio, M., Raj, M., Sriharan, A., Fleuren, B., Tietschert, M. (2023).

“Building Student Competencies to Address Healthcare’s Grand Challenges: Lessons from an International Collaboration” Journal of Health Administration Education

Abstract: COVID-19 is the latest grand challenge facing healthcare and the world, but it will not be the last. Training future healthcare managers to organize and collaborate across boundaries and disciplines to generate solutions for current and future grand challenges is an important goal for healthcare management programs. Using our own experience examining challenges facing the healthcare workforce during the COVID-19 pandemic, we extracted key principles from our international collaboration and mapped them to the National Center for Healthcare Leadership (NCHL) competency framework to demonstrate how educators may foster similar skills within their own students, using a group capstone course as an example. We offer opportunities and considerations for educators to facilitate the development of student competencies that will enable future healthcare managers to lead interdisciplinary teams and address larger-scale healthcare challenges.

Sullivan, E.E., Stephenson, A.L., Khaing, W.W., Bazemore, A. and Hoffman, A.R. (2023).

“Primary care physician leadership in top ranked US hospitals.” The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine, 36(4), pp.682-684.

Abstract: This assessment of the “top hospitals” in the US according to 4 leading rankings reveals only 4 to 7% of represented CEOs are primary care physicians by training. Greater attention to leadership development from primary care residency through health system practice is needed to avoid diminishing primary care’s critical role and salutary global benefits.

Hu, S., Yu, D. and Fu, K. (2023).

“Online platforms’ warehouse capacity allocation strategies for multiple products.” Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 175, p.103170.

Abstract: Online platforms typically store multiple products in their warehouses, which often run out of space. Hence we are motivated to study how platforms can effectively allocate their limited warehouse capacity among different products. We establish a game-theoretic model to investigate the optimal warehouse capacity allocation strategy of a platform that serves the dual role of a marketplace and a reseller. Our research reveals that, in the single-product case, a platform’s profit increases – first convexly and then concavely – with warehouse capacity. Second, we study the optimal warehouse capacity allocation strategy of a platform in the case of multiple products with different characteristics. We establish that the capacity allocated to a product increases with the commission rate and with the platform’s unit procurement cost, and also as the retailer’s unit procurement cost decreases. However, the capacity allocation for products characterized by high fixed warehouse operating costs or high unit product volumes depends to a large extent on the platform's total warehouse capacity. The numerical study verifies our theoretical results and generates more management insights. We complete our study with two extensions. The first shows that platforms without warehouses cannot use the same warehouse operation strategy as those that do have warehouses unless (a) the warehouse investment cost coefficient is relatively low and (b) the platform intends to manage all products in its newly built warehouse. Our second extension demonstrates that a platform is generally more willing to store and sell high-quality (than low-quality) products.

Peng, Y., Gao, S.H., Yu, D., Xiao, Y.P. and Luo, Y.J. (2023).

“Multi-objective optimization for multimodal transportation routing problem with stochastic transportation time based on data-driven approaches.” RAIRO-Operations Research, 57(4), pp.1745-1765.

Abstract: We study a multi-objective optimization model of a stochastic multimodal transportation network considering key impact factors such as transit cost, time, and transport mode schedule while minimizing total transportation cost and transportation time. In this study, we apply the Monte Carlo simulation to deal with the stochastic transportation time in the network and propose a data-driven approach that combines historical data and the dataset generated by the data mining algorithm to accelerate the search for the nondominated solution in the simulation. To validate the effectiveness of the proposed Data-Driven Multi-Objective Simulation Ant Colony (DD-MSAC) algorithm, we compare the optimum-seeking performance and the running time consumption of the Nondominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm-II (NSGA-II) and the Multi-Objective Simulation Ant Colony (MSAC) algorithm. Then, the MSAC algorithm is adopted as the benchmark for the comparison study on the solving performance of the proposed DD-MSAC algorithm. We conducted 30 times simulation run under different network scales in our numerical examples to show that the DD-MSAC algorithm can be equally effective as the non-data-driven MSAC algorithm in finding a nondominated solution as the average error does not exceed 5%. Meanwhile, we analyze the impact of different data-driven approaches, including data pool and support vector machine, on the solution quality and the running time. Finally, we use an example of China’s Belt Road Initiative to verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.

Zhang, Y., Hua, L., Jiao, Y., Zhang, J. and Saini, R. (2023).

“More than watching: An empirical and experimental examination on the impacts of live streaming user-generated video consumption.” Information & Management, 60(3), p.103771.

Abstract: Live streaming user-generated video (UGV), a nascent format of crowdsourced content, has grown massive popularity among social media users and is believed to have substantial potential business influences. However, industry practitioners express concerns regarding this new form on social media platforms and the influences of live streaming UGV consumption lack research. Motivated such, through a uniquely merged dataset from the video game industry, we conduct a series of panel time-series empirical analyses to investigate the business value of live streaming UGV consumption. Further, we propose a conceptual framework based on the sense of community literature to understand the consequences of live streaming UGV consumption and verify it through several online experiments. This research contributes to the IS literature by shedding light on the influences of emergent crowdsourced content, providing a conceptual framework to existing literature, and offering rich managerial implications and guidelines to managers regarding utilizing live streaming UGVs.

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